Indice e Abstract Fascicolo 2/2025

Indice

Indice e Abstract Fascicolo 2/2025

Saggi

Nadia Zorzi Galgano, La sorveglianza umana sull’“alto rischio” nel Regolamento UE 2024/1689 del 13 giugno 2024 nei sistemi di intelligenza artificiale

Abstract. This paper examines the role of human oversight in the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation 2024/1689), with particular attention to high-risk AI systems. The regulation adopts a risk-based approach, requiring that such systems be designed and operated under effective human supervision throughout their lifecycle. Article 14 establishes concrete safeguards to minimize risks to health, safety, and fundamental rights, while emphasizing proportionality and accountability of providers and deployers. Additional oversight mechanisms, including data governance, risk management, and documentation duties, reinforce this anthropocentric framework. The analysis highlights the innovative European model, balancing technological progress with robust fundamental rights protection.

Fabio Bravo, AI Act, figure soggettive nella catena di valore dell’intelligenza artificiale e tutela delle affected persons

Abstract. This essay critically examines the subjective entities defined by the European Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act) within the value chain of artificial intelligence. Particular emphasis is placed on the centrality of the anthropocentric approach, which expressly excludes the legal subjectification of AI systems. The analysis highlights the roles and obligations of the subjective entities (providers, deployers, authorised representatives, importers, and distributors) within the AI Act’s regulatory framework, as well as the absence of a comprehensive legal status for “affected persons” and the necessity of establishing one. The discussion addresses the indirect guarantees and remedies provided for affected persons under the AI Act, primarily through public enforcement law tools, and considers how their legal protection and rights could and should be strengthened in the future, in light of recent international initiatives such as the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law.

Marisaria Maugeri, L’amministrazione della giustizia dopo l’AI Act

Betül Kas e Hans-W. Micklitz, Il diritto privato europeo creato dal giudice e la costruzione della politica europea (Parte II)

Abstract. Il notevole aumento delle sentenze della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea (CGUE) nell’ambito del diritto privato europeo è un fenomeno che merita una riflessione più approfondita. Cosa sta accadendo nel campo del diritto privato? È ancora diritto privato o è un campo misto, che intreccia diritto pubblico e privato, europeo e nazionale, e come può essere qualificata l’interazione tra le corti nazionali e la CGUE? Le parti coinvolte nei casi stanno costruendo una sorta di polity europea creata dai giudici? Per tentare di rispondere esamineremo più a fondo alcuni temi connessi alle tre categorie – “settori”, “paesi” e “tipi di contenzioso” – già introdotte nella Parte I di questo studio (in questa Rivista n. 3/2024). Si tratterà, più precisamente, dei seguenti tre temi: l’estensione della polity europea (A), la partecipazione alla polity (B) e la politicizzazione del contenzioso (C).

Chantal Mak, Libera circolazione e diritto contrattuale

Abstract. This article addresses the impact of EU free movement law on national contract law. It does not aim to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant case law. Rather, it focuses on the extent to which free movement applies to contractual relationships between private individuals (scope) and the implications for the constitutionalization of contractual freedom in EU case law (effects).

Noëlle Lenoir, Il giudice e la transizione climatica: un’analisi critica della sentenza del 9 aprile 2024 della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nel caso Elders for Climate

Abstract. The article analyzes the issue of the judge and the climate transition: a critical analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ April 9, 2024, ruling in the Elders for Climate case. It addresses the climate issue and the key to the associations’ interest in taking action, as well as the use of the “consensus” technique and the creation of a new law. Finally, it addresses universal human rights and the challenge of global warming.

Hans W. Micklitz, La minaccia del COVID-19: un’opportunità per ripensare la Costituzione economica europea e il diritto privato europeo 

Enea Miraglia, Azione collettiva inibitoria e controllo di abusività. Ammissibilità e criteri di valutazione: il parametro del consumatore medio

Abstract. Building upon a number of significant rulings of the Court of Justice, this paper explores the resort to collective action as a means of scrutinizing unfair terms in consumer contracts, particularly in instances where the requirement of transparency is not met. Such a mechanism proves instrumental in safeguarding the effectiveness of judicial protection, as enshrined in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. From this perspective, as confirmed in relation to the «floor clause», it has become necessary to adopt the standard of the average consumer as the relevant benchmark, thereby enabling the collective assessment to be employed across a substantial number of contracts concluded by a plurality of consumers.

Dimitri De Rada, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), obblighi e produzione di illeciti

Abstract. The article examines the evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in light of new European and international regulations on sustainability, transparency, and non-financial reporting obligations. Particular attention is devoted to the risks stemming from greenwashing and ethic washing, which entail not only reputational damage but also significant legal liabilities—civil, administrative, and criminal. By analyzing the regulatory framework (CSRD, CSDDD, Italian Legislative Decree 231/2001, Article 2086 of the Civil Code) and recent Italian case law, the author argues that CSR is increasingly becoming a binding legal obligation, embedded within corporate governance and risk management. The study highlights the trend towards the depatrimonialization of civil law and the growing centrality of sustainability as a new legal paradigm, shaping both private autonomy and corporate strategies.

 

Diritto e dintorni

Gaetano Piepoli, Recensione a «Traité de codétermination», (sous la direction  de Olivier Favereau), Presses de l’Université Laval, 2025